Renewable energy statistics
Data extracted in December 2023.
Planned article update: December 2024.
Highlights
Becoming the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050 is the objective behind the European Green Deal (COM(2019) 640 final), the very ambitious package of measures that should enable European citizens and businesses to benefit from sustainable green transition.
The use of renewable energy has many potential benefits, including a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the diversification of energy supplies and a reduced dependency on fossil fuel markets (in particular, oil and gas). The growth of renewable energy sources may also stimulate employment in the EU, through the creation of jobs in new ‘green’ technologies.
This article provides recent statistics on the share of energy from renewable sources overall and in three consumption sectors (electricity, heating and cooling, and transport) in the European Union (EU). Renewable energy sources include wind power, solar power (thermal, photovoltaic and concentrated), hydro power, tidal power, geothermal energy, ambient heat captured by heat pumps, biofuels and the renewable part of waste.
Full article
The EU reached a 23.0 % share of its gross final energy consumption from renewable sources in 2022, around 1.1 percentage points (pp) higher than in 2021. EU Directive 2023/2413 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources has revised upwards the EU’s 2030 renewable energy target from 32% to 42.5% (with an aim to increase it to 45%). Therefore, EU countries need to intensify their efforts to collectively comply with the new EU target for 2030, which requires increasing the share of renewable energy sources in the EU’s gross final energy consumption by almost 20 pp.
Figure 1 shows the latest data available for the share of renewable energies in gross final energy consumption.
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(% of gross final energy consumption)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
Sweden leads among EU countries, with nearly two-thirds (66.0 %) of its gross final energy consumption in 2022 derived from renewable sources. Sweden relied primarily on hydro, wind, solid and liquid biofuels, as well as heat pumps. Finland (47.9 %) followed, also relying on hydro, wind and solid biofuels, ahead of Latvia (43.3 %), which depended mostly on hydro. Both Denmark (41.6 %), followed by Estonia (38.5 %), got most of the renewables from wind and solid biofuels. Portugal (34.7 %) relied on solid biofuels, wind, hydro and heat pumps, while Austria (33.8 %) utilised mostly hydro and solid biofuels. The lowest proportions of renewables were recorded in Ireland (13.1 %), Malta (13.4 %), Belgium (13.8 %) and Luxembourg (14.4 %).
Table 1 presents data for all reporting countries.
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(% of gross final energy consumption)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
Some countries used statistical transfers to maintain higher levels than their 2020 targets (which is an obligation for the 2021-2030 period). Statistical transfers are agreements between Member States to transfer a specified amount of energy from renewable sources from one Member State to another Member States. See Table 1a for more details on the statistical transfers a reported for reference year 2022.
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(thousand tonnes of oil equivalent)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
The rest of this article's statistical findings deal with the developments from 2004 to 2022 in the share of energy from renewable sources in three areas: electricity, heating and cooling, and transport.
Wind and water provide most renewable electricity; solar is the fastest-growing energy source
The accounting rules in Directive (EU) 2018/2001 prescribe that electricity generated by hydro power and wind power have to be normalised to account for annual weather variations (hydro is normalised over the last 15 years and wind over the last 5 years, separating on-shore and off-shore wind normalisation). This article presents the results applying these accounting rules.
The growth in electricity generated from renewable energy sources during the period 2012 to 2022 largely reflects an expansion in two renewable energy sources across the EU, namely wind power and solar power. In 2022, renewable energy sources made up 41.2 % of gross electricity consumption in the EU, almost 4 percentage points higher than the previous year (37.5 % in 2021).
Wind and hydro power accounted for more than two-thirds of the total electricity generated from renewable sources (37.5 and 29.9 %, respectively). The remaining one-third of electricity generated was from solar power (18.2 %), solid biofuels (6.9 %) and other renewable sources (7.5 %). Solar power is the fastest-growing source: in 2008, it accounted for 1 %. This means that the growth in electricity from solar power has been dramatic, rising from just 7.4 TWh in 2008 to 210.3 TWh in 2022.
The share of energy from renewable sources in electricity is presented in Figure 2.
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
Among the EU Member States, more than 70 % of electricity consumed in 2020 was generated from renewable sources in Austria (74.7 %), Denmark (77.2 %) and Sweden (83.3 %). The consumption of electricity from renewable sources was also high in Portugal (61.0 %), Croatia (55.5 %), Latvia (53.3 %) and Spain (50.9 %), accounting for more than half of electricity consumed. At the other end of the scale, the share of electricity from renewable sources was 15 % or less in Malta (10.1 %), Hungary (15.3 %), Czechia (15.5 %), Luxembourg (15.9 %) and Cyprus (17.0 %). The EFTA country Norway produced more electricity from renewable sources than the total amount of electricity that it consumed in 2022, therefore leading to a share higher than 100 %.
For more details, see Table 2.
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(% of gross final electricity consumption)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
Almost one quarter of energy used for heating and cooling from renewable sources
In 2022, renewable energy accounted for 24.8 % of total energy use for heating and cooling in the EU, increasing from 11.7 % in 2004. Developments in the industrial sector, services and households contributed to this growth. Ambient energy captured by heat pumps for heating and renewable cooling are also taken into account. The share of energy from renewable sources in heating and cooling is presented in Figure 3.
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
Among the EU Member States the share of energy from renewable sources in heating and cooling was more than half in Sweden (69.4 %), Estonia (65.4 %), Latvia (61.0 %), Finland (58.5 %), Lithuania (51.5 %) and Denmark (50.1 %). At the other side of the scale, the EU Member States with a share of energy from renewable sources in heating and cooling of less than 10 % were Ireland (6.3 %) and the Netherlands (8.6 %), see Table 3.
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(%)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
9.6% of renewable energy used in transport activities in 2021
The EU agreed to set a common target of 29 % for the share of renewable energy (including liquid biofuels, hydrogen, biomethane, ‘green’ electricity, etc.) used in transport by 2030.
The average share of energy from renewable sources in transport increased from 1.6 % in 2004 to 9.6 % in 2022. Among the EU Member States, the share of renewable energy in transport fuel consumption ranged from highs of 29.2 % in Sweden and 18.8 % in Finland down to less than 5 % in Croatia (2.4 %), Latvia (3.1 %) and Greece (4.1 %). The EFTA country Norway also reported a high share of renewable energy in transport fuel consumption (23.7 %). The share of energy from renewable sources in transport is presented in Figure 4.
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
More details on the share of energy from renewable sources in transport can be found in Table 4.
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(% of final energy consumption in transport)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_ren)
Source data for tables and graphs
Data sources
The data presented in this article are based on energy statistics covered by Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 on energy statistics. In addition, the methodology laid down in Directive 2009/28/EC is used until reference year 2020. From 2021 onwards, the calculation of the share of energy from renewable sources follows the accounting rules set down in Directive 2018/2001/EU on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Due to the change of legal basis, a break in series occurs between 2020 and 2021. Another important aspect to take into account when comparing 2020 and 2021 data is the lifting of restrictions linked to the COVID-19 pandemic, which produced an increase of energy consumption and a possible decrease of the share of renewables. Readers are encouraged to analyse the differences between both Directives (RED I and RED II), the energy sector and all national specificities before drawing any conclusions from the comparison of year 2021 with previous time series. When the transposition period for Directive 2023/2413 will finish in 2025, calculations will be adapted to that amendment.
Analysing the break in series between 2020 and 2021, there are some cases in which the share of renewables substantially changed:
- Bulgaria: more than 6 pp decrease, due to the inability to report a certain part of their solid and gaseous biofuels as compliant. This might change in the future once they can benefit from a certification procedure.
- Denmark: around 10 pp increase, due to the reduction of their statistical transfers (as seller).
- Estonia : around 7.5 pp increase, mainly because it started to report the use of heat pumps for heating purposes (which, although already existed, Estonia had not reported it in the past).
- Ireland: more than 3.5 pp decrease, due to their decision not to use statistical transfers in 2021, as well as to the inability to report a certain part of their solid and gaseous biofuels as compliant.
Data are available for all EU Member States, as well as Norway, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, North Macedonia, Kosovo, Georgia and Moldova. In general, data are complete and comparable across countries.
Statistical revisions in data sets submitted by reporting countries in their annual energy questionnaires have played a role on the change in data over a long period. As a consequence of the Renewable Energy Directive and the requirement of the Energy Statistics Regulation to report detailed energy consumption data in households, countries are monitoring much closer the flows of renewable energy commodities in their economies. A very significant case is the consumption of biomass, where countries are launching new more detailed surveys that usually result in higher quantities of biomass and therefore an increase of the final energy consumption of biomass. As a consequence of several countries revising their data, significant increases have been observed in their share of energy from renewable sources (e.g. Croatia, France, Lithuania, Hungary and recently Poland).
Gross final consumption of energy is defined in the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC (RED I) as the energy commodities delivered for energy purposes to industry, transport, households, services (including public services), agriculture, forestry and fisheries, including the consumption of electricity and heat by the energy branch for electricity and heat production and including losses of electricity and heat in distribution and transmission. The concept of transport fuel production is included in the definition in the Renewable Energy Directive (EU) 2018/2001 (RED II), but will disappear with the implementation of amendment.
Energy production from non-renewable municipal wastes was deducted from the contribution of biomass to heating and electricity generation. Consumption for pipeline transport was included in gross final consumption of energy, in line with the sectoral classification of the Energy Statistics Regulation. To improve accuracy and consistency with national statistics in calculating renewable energy shares, national calorific values were used, where available, for converting quantities of all energy products into energy units, instead of the default calorific values. The exception is the use of fuels in transport, where calorific values from Annex III of RED I or RED II are used.
Data for the period 2004-2010: Directive 2009/28/EC did not yet exist or had not been transposed into national legislation. The values in these years are not used for any measurement of legislative compliance with the indicative trajectory defined in part B of Annex I of the Directive. The Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC stipulates that only biofuels and bioliquids that fulfil sustainability criteria should be counted for the targets. It was decided that for the years 2004-2010 all biofuels and bioliquids would be counted towards the numerator of the share of energy from renewable sources.
Data for 2011 - 2020: Compliance with Article 17 (Sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids) has to be assessed with respect to Article 18 (Verification of compliance with the sustainability criteria for biofuels and bioliquids). As of reference year 2011, countries are to report as compliant only those biofuels and bioliquids for which compliance with both Article 17 and Article 18 can be fully demonstrated. Only reported compliant biofuels and bioliquids are counted towards the respective shares of renewables. In some countries consumption of biofuels and bioliquids in the period 2011-2015 were not certified as compliant (sustainable) due to late implementation of Directive 2009/28/EC. While the share of renewable energy as a whole is increasing since 2004, between 2010 and 2011 its share in transport decreased. This can be attributed in part to the total absence of compliant biofuels reported by several EU countries (countries did report some biofuel use, but none or very little of it compliant in 2011). As some countries had not yet fully implemented all provisions of the Renewable Energy Directive, some biofuels and bioliquids were not counted as compliant (sustainable) in the period 2011-2015.
Data for 2021 and onwards: Compliance with Article 29 (‘Sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria for biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels’) has to be judged also with respect to Article 30 (‘Verification of compliance with the sustainability and greenhouse gas emissions saving criteria’). As of data from the second half of 2021, countries should report as compliant only those biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels for which compliance with Articles 29 and 30 can be fully demonstrated. Otherwise (even when compliance cannot be demonstrated because there is not a national legal basis in place), biofuels, bioliquids and biomass fuels should not be reported as compliant and do not count towards the numerator of the share of energy from renewable sources.
The share of electricity from renewable energy sources is defined as the ratio between electricity produced from renewable energy sources and gross national electricity consumption. As stipulated in the Renewable Energy Directive 2009/28/EC, gross final consumption of electricity from renewable sources is the electricity produced from renewable energy sources. This includes hydro power plants (excluding hydro power electricity produced from pumped storage plants using water previously pumped uphill), as well as electricity generated from solid biofuels/wastes, wind, solar and geothermal installations. The Directive also requires electricity production from hydro power and wind power to be normalised. Given the 15-year normalisation requirement for hydro power production and the availability of energy statistics (for the EU, starting from 1990), time series of this indicator before 2004 are not available.
For the purpose of calculating the share of renewable energy in heating and cooling, final consumption of energy from renewable sources is defined as the final consumption of renewable energy in industry, households, services, agriculture, forestry and fisheries for heating and cooling purposes, plus district heating produced from renewables. The total final consumption for heating and cooling is the final consumption of all energy commodities, except electricity, for purposes other than transport, plus the consumption of heat for own use at electricity and heat plants and heat losses in networks. For more detailed definition, please see SHARES tool manual.
Context
Becoming the world’s first climate-neutral continent by 2050 is the greatest challenge and opportunity of our times. To achieve this, on 11 December 2019 the European Commission presented the European Green Deal (COM(2019) 640 final), the most ambitious package of measures that should enable European citizens and businesses to benefit from a sustainable green transition. Measures accompanied with an initial roadmap of key policies range from ambitiously cutting emissions, to investing in cutting-edge research and innovation, to preserving Europe’s natural environment. Above all, the European Green Deal sets a path for a transition that is just and socially fair. It is designed in such a way as to leave no individual or region behind in the great transformation ahead.
The Green Deal is an integral part of the Commission’s strategy to implement the United Nation’s 2030 Agenda and the sustainable development goals, and the other priorities announced in President von der Leyen’s political guidelines. As part of the Green Deal, the Commission will refocus the European Semester process of macroeconomic coordination to integrate the United Nations’ sustainable development goals, to put sustainability and the well-being of citizens at the centre of economic policy, and the sustainable development goals at the heart of the EU’s policymaking and action. The European Commission has set out several energy strategies for a more secure, sustainable and low-carbon economy. Aside from combating climate change through a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, the use of renewable energy sources is likely to result in more secure and diverse energy supply, less air pollution, as well as job creation in environmental and renewable energy sectors.
Building on the 20% target for 2020, on 11 December 2018, the EU adopted Directive 2018/2001/EU on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, whose last amendment by Directive (EU) 2023/2413 includes a binding renewable energy target for the EU for 2030 of 42.5 % with the aim to achieve 45 %.
On 18 May 2022, the Commission published the REPowerEU plan, which sets out a series of measures to rapidly reduce EU’s dependence on Russian fossil fuels well before 2030 by accelerating the clean energy transition. The REPowerEU plan is based on three pillars: saving energy, producing clean energy and diversifying the EU's energy supplies.
Direct access to
- Energy statistics - main indicators (t_nrg_ind)
- Energy statistics - quantities (t_nrg_quant)
- Energy Statistics Manual
- Energy statistics — quantities (ESMS metadata file — nrg_quant_esms)
- Share of energy from renewable sources (nrg_ind_share) (ESMS metadata file — nrg_ind_share_esmsip2)
Notes
* This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.